Engi3703 surveying and geomatics fall 2007 memorial university of newfoundland 4 instruments to be used. A second axis, the trunnion axis, moves with the instrument and is perpendicular to the vertical axis. The regular movie mode is similar to the photo mode in theodolite, recording a basic video with options to show an overlay with crosshairs, geodata, and a custom note. How to use the theodolite for vertical and horizontal measurements in surveying. There are many variations of the layout that can be adopted but the format. An optical plummet ensures the theodolite is placed as close to exactly vertical above the survey point. For a level, the compen sator automatically takes care of the final levelling up. The theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for. It is extensively used for the measurement of vertical and horizontal angles for scaling. The theodolite is an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Transit vernier theodolite, tripod stand, plumb bob, tape, leveling staff and. The line of sight of theodolite can be rotated through 180 o in vertical plane about its horizontal axis. There are three methods of measuring horizontal angles. Pdf how to use the theodolite for vertical and horizontal.
The name total station is applied to instruments that. It is an electronic machine which looks sort of a tiny telescope. Here we are going to learn about different transit theodolite parts transit theodolite parts parts and fuctions telescope of theodolite. Theodolite is an instrument used in surveying to measure horizontal and vertical angles. All surveying instrument spirit levels including those of the theodolite are con structed in a manner. Using a total stationtheodolite, run a closed traverse such that it includes the two. The sites must be chosen with care and are in fact governed a considerable number of factors. Through the scope, locate the rebar or point of beginning. Feb 14, 2014 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. In these surveys, control is achieved by positioning details on the ground which may be identified in images. It starts at a point of known position and terminates at a point of unknown position. When th is changed make sure you hit the ok function key. It is also used for leveling, indirect measure of distances and prolonging a line etc.
The telescope is the major components of theodolite, telescope is mounted on a spindle or horizontal axis or trunnion axis. Surveying notes pdf book starts with the topics distance measurement conventions and methods, theodolite, description, uses, and adjustments. Surveying on the job requires the use of moreadvanced surveying instruments. Measurement of horizontal angles by method of repetition and reiteration 4. Theodolite parts and its functions for measurements in. Digital theodolite is a modern engineering instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, it is a key tool in surveying and engineering work. In addition you can confirm the accuracy of the system by placing the prism on p2 and shooting the distance. Setting out grades ranging curves tacheometric survey 4. It is not possible to check the consistence of angles and distance measurement. Leveling the total station leveling the total station must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise the instrument will not report results leveling the instrument takes 30 to 45 minutes make sure you can see all targets from the instrument station before going through the process. Ce 104 practical surveying sessional lab manual ahsanullah. Site surveying report theodolite linkedin slideshare. The theodolite is a complex instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angle up to 10 or 20 depending upon the least count of the instrument.
Set the theodolite at q with vertical circle to the left of the line of sight and complete all temporary adjustments. Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16thcentury english mathematician leonard digges. The internal spirit level makes sure the device is level to to the horizon. Loosen the upper plate, set the vernier to read zero and clamp the upper clamp. A theodolite is a surveying instrument that dates back to the 16th century, and its used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. A surveyors theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. The theodolite consists of a telescope movable within two perpendicular axes the horizontal axis, and the vertical axis. Functions differ depending on the theodolite model used. The initial setting operation includes fixing the theodolite on a tripod, along with approximate levelling and centering over the station mark. A little scope is located at the lower part of the theodolite. To achieve this aim the following objectives were carried out. Here you can download the free lecture notes of surveying pdf notes, materials with multiple file links to download. Parts of transit theodoliteparts and functions readcivil.
It should give, within reasonable tolerance, the x, y coordinates of p2 and the azimuth. Surveying by using digital theodolite linkedin slideshare. Theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Army corps of engineers waterways experiment station vicksburg, mississippi 93180 abstract by theodolite surveying, the relative location of points in space may be calculated by triangulation. Aait, department of civil engineering 2 lecture note. The accuracy with which these angles can be measured ranges from 5mins to 0,1 secs. A theodolite is a instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks, and geolocation work.
It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. These two devices were fundamentally equivalent and could accomplish basically the same task today, total station accomplish all the task much more efficiently than transits and theodolite in addition, it can observes distance accurately and quickly. At a later stage, surveying techniques are used in the dimensional control or setting out of the designed constructional elements and also in the monitoring of deformation movements. Theodolites, land surveying theodolites, land surveying. To measure the study area using chain surveying, tape surveying, plane table surveying, theodolite surveying methods. Study of theodolite in detailpractice for measurement of horizontal and vertical angles 3. Study the contract plans, special provisions, standard plans, standard specifications, the plan quantities, construction manual, and. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. For setting up the instrument, the tripod is placed over the station with its legs widely spread so that the centre of the tripod head lies above the station point and its head approximately level by eye estimation. In engineering surveying, either or both of the above formats may be utilized in the planning, design and construction of works, both on the surface and underground. It is important to check every now and again to ensure that the azimuth to the p2 station is correct. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. A circular scale rotates on this same axis to measure the horizontal angle.
Compact lightweight more accuracy and precise transits are more common in the u. Support centring screw it with one hand and insert and tighten the centring screw with the other. Drive a surveyors nail into the ground at the point where you want to set up the theodolite. Reconnaissance survey the survey teams first task is to make a reconnaissance survey of the area, i. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. So far, weve seen how to set up the theodolite, weve also seen how to get it. Theory 1 descesc beribe ttehe ppoceduerocedure of settsett ging out of sspeimple circular curve by i perpendicular offset from tangent, and ii rankines method of tangential. The procedure is explained for measuring horizontal angle. Theodolite, tripod, rod, plumb bob, and field book lab procedure centering our theodolites have two types of centering features.
Heights and distance using principles of tachometric surveying 6. Survey field procedures manual prepared by the division of. What are its advantages and disadvantages over rankines method dec. Other specialized purposes make theodolites ideal for shop and. When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of. Symbols the following conventions are used in this manual indicates precautions and important items which should be read before operations indicates the chapter title to refer to for additional information. Minor survey instruments boxsextant, planimeter, pantagraph, their working.
A conventional theodolite cannot be used to find north and the bearing, i. Theodolite surveying for nondestructive biomass sampling. A theodolite works by combining optical plummets or plumb bobs, a spirit bubble level, and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal angles in surveying. Theodolite traversing in survey and procedure and angle. Theodolite surveying theodolite the theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for. Theodolite surveying for nondestructive biomass sampling eugene e. Permanent adjustment of transit theodolite, methods of repetitions and reiterations. The role of the theodolite in traversing and detail surveys is fundamental to all. Theodolite parts and its functions for measurements in surveying.
Equipments theodolite ranging rods levelling staff tape procedure 1. This screw should be tight whenever the theodolite is on focus on the the tripod. You will be using a universal theodolite, model wild t2, for these measurements. One is an optical plumb bob, and the other is a laser plumb bob. Spring 2016 field book university of colorado boulder.
Total station setup and operation university of south alabama. Theodolite the theodoliteis used to measure horizontal and vertical angles for exact survey work compared to transit, theodoliteare. Total station setup and operation university of south. Land surveying students use a theodolite as a way to learn the principles of angle measurement. Procedure for surveying the given open field closed traverse. Set up, centre and level the theodolite over the ground point b. It is a very important instrument in plane surveying.
The theodolite is an instrument that is used to measure angles, with an accuracy varying from 1 to 60 seconds of arc. Total stationdigital theodolite tripod prismtape pegs procedure. Theodolite surveying free download as powerpoint presentation. Troubleshooting the rem measurement the only numerical input is the target height so make sure that is entered correctly. The most important instrument for exact survey work, and many types are available to meet varying requirements of accuracy and precision, with direct readings of the circle ranging from 5 min to 0. The entire procedure for chain surveying can be divided into three major groups. Theodolite survey application in height and distance measurements. Screens and illustrations appearing in this manual are of dt500. By theodolite surveying, the relative location of points in space may be calculated by triangulation. The processes of computing and adjusting a traverse are also covered. Theodolites how does a theodolite work theodolite vs.
Set the theodolite at the zero and do the temporary adjustments. Using the provided transit or theodolite set up the instrument over a point assigned by the instructor. Field survey notes are the record of work done in the field. Before use, a theodolite must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser plummet. Aug 17, 2016 theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversing 1. Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite. Loosen the lower plate and swing the telescope until the left point a. Theodolite surveying surveying geomatics free 30day. Surveying i list of practical minimum 15 practical should be performed out of the following 1 measurement of distance by ranging and chaining. Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversing 1. It is a tool used in the land surveying and engineering industry, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes as well. They contain the complete graphic, tabular or written or combination thereof survey records which depict each step of the survey. This procedure varies with the experiment given to students.
These measurements are used to plot boundary lines, building foundations and utility routing. Theodolite is used for measuring the horizontal and vertical angles. Release both upper and lower clamps and turn upper plate to get 0 on the main scale. Nor is it a substitute for surveying knowledge, experience or judgment. Theodolite components of a theodolite introduction the theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Theodolite traversing is a method of establishing control points, their position being determined by measuring the distances between the traverse stations which serve as control points and the angles subtended at the various stations by their adjacent stations. To determine the multiplying constant and additive constant of the given theodolite. Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other.
Additionally it is necessary to add information which may provide a proper interpretation of the structure of coastal features. A theodolite measures distance manually by chains of standardized length or metal measuring tapes along the length of the desired angle. Trigonometric levelingheights and distance problem 5. Modern theodolites have a telescope that can be mounted to a swivel which can move both horizontally and vertically, and the crosshairs allow you to make accurate alignments with the target object. Finite element method of saturated soil structure using the. Therefore students are required to write the procedure according to the experiment given to them. With the aid of computers, data gathered by theodolite surveying.
Theodolite is a measurement instrument utilized in surveying to determine horizontal and vertical angles with the tiny low telescope that may move within the horizontal and vertical planes. Chapter 15 construction survey procedures 1501 general in performing construction surveying, preparation is a major part of the operation. A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate containing four thumbscrews three for rapid levelling. Todays electronic total stations all have an optoelectronic distance meter edm and electronic angle scanning. Each student records hisher own measurements in hisher field book. The ultimate aim of this study is to compare different conventional surveying techniques with total station ts and global positioning system gps. April 2004 figure 1 the three main types of levels. In some cases, much of the topographic surveying may be undertaken via photogrammetric processes. Lab instructor will demonstrate setup and operation of the theodolite. Because of its various uses, the theodolite is sometimes known as universal instrument.
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